A slim chance: Insulin’s role in obesity

Because obesity has become a huge epidemic in our world today, scientific researchers are always looking for reasons to explain such a huge phenomenon and help those many people in need. After gaining such a huge amount of weight, many people find it impossible to loose the pounds once they put them on. It is well known that part of the struggle to lose weight is will power; however, some research has shown late on-set diabetes, one of the symptoms of obesity could be perpetuating it. Late on-set diabetes is the resistance in the hormone cells to insulin even though it is available. Although this diabetes is not deadly, insulin regulates the absorption and release of sugar, and without it blood sugar can get out of control. Dr. Bruning from Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research in Cologne decided to research if the insulin controlled brain cells also resisted insulin and might effect an obese person's ability to consume so much food. By looking at the midbrain cells, which are responsible for producing the feeling of pleasure, in mice, Dr. Bruning found vital information. The male mice that had been genetically altered to not have insuline-receptor genes, ate 3.2 grams of rodent chow and the average amount of food a male mouse eats a day is 2.8 grams. In female mice the average amount per day to eat should have been 2.7 grams; however, without the insuline receptors the female mice ate 3.1 grams a day. Obviously there was a difference without the insuline receptors; however, Dr. Bruning cannot conclude that humans are effected the same way because knocking out a gene is different than acquiring late on-set diabetes and mice are not men! This research is still important though, because it raises the question as to why the absence of something can produce a reaction of pleasure for food.

http://www.economist.com/node/18833493

Taking a Stand: my opinion on water shortage vs. water pollution

OR

In my opinion, i strongly believe that water shortage is a much bigger problem than water pollution. Although water pollution is harmful and sometimes expensive to take care of, it is not as bad as the absence of water. Without water all sources of life would die and there is no way of creating water out of nothing. Polluted water can easily be purified to the best of our ability with great technology we have today. As we learned from the FLOW video UV lights and other processes can be used to purify water. To say polluted water is hard to deal with is true; however, water shortage is impossible to deal with. Sometimes trucking in water from other parts of the world can help in these situations, but then other parts of the world may start to have water shortages. If the water supply dwindles so will population. Clearly water shortage is a much worse problem than water pollution.

WATER!

Things you need to know about water:

Water is...
a polar molecule
V-shaped
the most common solvent
made of 2 Hydrogen Atoms and 1 Oxygen Atom
constantly in a cycle
present on 70% of the earth
boiled at 100 degrees Celsius and is vapor above
liquid from 99 degrees Celsius to 1 degrees Celsius
solid from 0 degrees Celsius and below
(has) high surface tension
always in a 2hydrogen:1oxygen ratio


-When things are dissolved in water their positive ions will attract towards Oxygen and their negative ions will attract to the hydrogens

1SDS #1-9, 18-22

1. See Drawing

2. In natural water purification when water vapor rises, condenses into tiny droplets in clouds, and-- depending on the temperature-- eventually falls as rain or snow as pure water just like distillation. The second step of the filtration is bacterial action converts dissolved organic contaminants into a few simple compounds. Also when raindrops strike soil and seeps far into the ground it passes through gravel, sand, and even rock which filters out bacteria and suspended matter.

3. Aluminum Hydroxide is a sticky, jellylike material that traps and removes the suspended particles that the process of flocculation uses.

4. Even after the filtration process water may be acidic enough to dissolve metallic water pipes. Shortening pipe life and causing copper and cadmium to appear in homewater supply is harmful to humans. Therefore, calcium oxide is added to the water to neutralize the acidic water by being basic.

5. About 1 ppm of fluoride ion is added to the teated water to reduce tooth decay.

6. Adding chlorine to drinking water kills desease-producing microorganisms whereas untreated water may have harmful organisms for humans.

7. The disadvantages to using chlorination in water is the reaction with organic compounds produced by decomposing animal and plant matter to form substance that, if in sufficiently high concentrations, can be harmful to human health. TGN us a carcinogen found in over chlorinated water and can be cancer causing.

8. The water from a stream of a mountain may need chlorination because the water could have a disease that an animal carried and brought to the water by drinking from it or walking through it. The water could also have metals and bacteria from its surrounding soil that can be harmful.

9. Two other methods to prevent bacteria as chlorine does without the harm could be to use the UV lights that the man from FLOW invented.

Another method could be distillation; however, this method is much too expensive and time consuming to perform.

18. The Hydrological Cycle would either completely stop or just continue only underground and within streams. The absence of evaporation would mean that the water always stayed on the ground and that it would never leave without the wind or some type of force pulling it. That could be advantageous or could be harmful. The evaporation also purifies that water, so i would assume our water supply would be more foul.

19. If water was not a multi form element than the evaporation could not occur and neither could the precipitation of the hydrological cycle.

20. The risks of THM have to be balanced with the positive effects of chlorination for water cleanliness. The small amount of THM should not be harmful.

21. In the natural purification there is essentially 3 of the same steps. The evaporation and condensation mocks the distillation apparatus. The sand and gravel filtration mocks the way water goes through gravel and soil under ground causing filtration.

22. a) 2 ppm b) 14 ppm c) 780 ppm

Balancing Chemical Equations

A chemical equation is made up of three things. The original reactants, a catalyst, and the product. The reactants are two molecules or molecular compounds which when added together create the product(s). A molecule is made of atoms and there can be more than one atom of each molecule in a chemical equation. A molecular compound is a substance formed by two or more molecules or elements joined together by a chemical bond (the glue). Sometimes the reactants need the help of a catalyst to jump start the chemical reaction to get your product. A catalyst should not be accounted for within the chemical equation and can be ignored when doing the final balancing.

Steps to Balancing an Equation:

1. Count the amount of atoms within each element for each side of the equation
ex.

H-2 | H-2
O-2 | O-3

2. Point out which molecules are uneven

3. Multiply each side by a number to end up with the same amount of atoms

4. Do a recount of the atoms

H-4 | H-4
O-4 | O-4


5. If everything is equal, you have balanced your equation!

1SCS #20-27, 33, 35

20. a) A Soft drink is more acidic than a tomato because it is lower on the pH scale. b) Black coffee is more acidic because it has a lower pH than pure water, which is neutral at 7. c) Milk of Magnesia is more acidic than ammonia even though they are both basic on the pH scale.

21. Because of the ten-fold difference, 20 times.

22. Acidic pH water can impaire the fish-egg development thus hampering the ability of fish to reproduce and can also leach into the soil surrounding and cause those metal ions to cause harm to the fish. Basic pH water can dissolve skin and scales of fish as well.

23. Polar molecules are molecules that have an uneven distribution of electrical charge while nonpolar molecules have no separation of charge. Polar molecules dissolve in polar molecules while nonpolar molecules dissolve in nonpolar molecules.

24. I would select Lamp oil to dissolve a nonpolar molecular substance because it is made up of nonpolar molecules and will therefore be able to dissolve this substance.

25. Water is a Polar molecule just like NaCl unlike cooking oil which is a nonpolar molecule and can only dissolve other nonpolar molecules.

26. "Like dissolves like" refers to the way polar and nonpolar molecules tend to stay within their own groups and can only dissolve each other. For example a polar molecule such as water will dissolve ethanol because ethanol is also a polar molecule.

27. Plain water is made up of a polar molecule while greasy dishes have nonpolar molecules so they need a base or a nonpolar to wash them.

33. Many mechanics prefer to use waterless hand cleaners to clean their greasy hands because water is polar and cannot get rid of the grease while a nonpolar molecule probably within their cleaner could help their hands become clean.

35. Hydrogen would have the partial positive charge because it is a positively charged ion while Flourine in a negatively charged ion.

ISCS #9-19 p. 82-83

9. Out of the 55 grams of Sugar water solution, there is 11 grams of sugar and 44 grams of water.

10. 15,000 ppm

11. Having an uneven distribution of electrical charge which means that each molecule has a partial positive region at one end and a partial negative region at the other end.

12. See Drawing

13. a) The negative end, which is oxygen. b) The postive ends, the Hydrogens.

14. Heavy metals are called "heavy" because their atoms have greater masses than those of essential metallic elements.

15. Heavy-metal poisoning symptoms include nervous system, brain kidneys, and liver damage which can lead to death.

16. a) A person may be exposed to Lead by being in a house built before 1978 and painted with Lead paint. They may also be exposed to Lead by automobile electrical storage batteries. b) A person may be exposed to Mercury from eating fish that have been exposed to mercury in the water. They also may be exposed to mercury from a broken flourescent light bulbs.

17. Hydroxide

18. Hydrogen

19. a) basic b) basic c) acidic d) neutral

Section C.5 # 1-3 p. 62

1. a) about 10 grams of KCI (potassium chloride)would become unstable. THe beaker would look the same. b) See drawings

2. a) See Drawing b) i. see drawing ii. 50 grams

3. a) See Drawing b) See Drawing c) There is more water in the second diagram making it less concentrated and diluting the Potassium Chloride.

Extra Credit Report #2

Printing Body parts: Making a bit of me
Article in the Economist
http://www.economist.com/node/15543683

Organovo, a company that specializes in regenerative medicine, and Invetech, an engineering and automation firm have been working together to develop a prototype of which a 3D bio-printer is based. This 3D bio-printer would start out producing simple tissues such as skin and muscle; however, Keith Murphy the Chief printers. In the future, possibly even kidneys, livers, and hearts may be produced. The printer works by fusing small clusters of cells to mature into functioning body parts. This idea stemmed from the idea of growing organs and body tissue from scratch, which has been performed successfully with bladders in 2006. This idea to grow scaffolds was a good idea; however, it is completely time consuming and bio-printing would be faster and more efficient. Patients who would usually have to wait for months at a time could just simply buy an organ and immediately have their lives saved. The cells produced by the bio-printer are extracted from adult bone marrow and fat as the precursors that will later develop into differentiated types of cells. THe droplets retain their shape and can pass easily through the inkjet printing process. The second printing head deposits scaffolding (a sugar-based hydrogel) to hold the structure together and arrow the droplets to fuse together. Once the printing is complete the hydrogel will be peeled away. The printer would fit into a standard laboratory biosafety cabinet for sterile operation and would have a computer graphics system to allow cross-sections of body parts to be designed. The machines may eventually one day be able to insert the organs directly into the body. This step for medicine would help patients world wide and save many lives.

1SCS #1-8 p.82

1. Three teaspoons of sugar will dissolve in hot tea because the temperature allows it to saturate instead of stay solid.

2. 130 grams

3. a)200 grams b)710 grams c)1900 grams

4. a) NaCl, KCI KNO3 b)KNO3, KCl, NaCl

5. When a substance is saturated it means that there is the maximum amount of a solute in a solvent at a certain temperature; however, the next crystal or grain will make everything unstable and start to fall to the bottom.

6. a) 30 grams b)Unsaturated c)60 grams of KNO3

7. a) If it is close to its point of solubility it will saturate or it will do nothing b)It will remain saturated c) The crystals rebalance themselves and the amount that is too much will fall

8. 23%

C2 #1-3 p. 56

1. a) 105 grams b)45 grams

2. a)20 more grams need to be added to the 25 for the Potassium Nitrate to be saturated. b)56 grams

3. a) 55 grams b) 60 grams

What did you learn from this lab about water and about process?

The Water Testing Lab taught me a lot about both ions and water testing. I can now better understand ions and how they work from the demonstration in class by Rachel and also the tests. Water is easily contaminated and can look pure and contain harmful, or just kind of weird elements. You cannot judge solutions by their looks because they often are clear and seem pure. Water being one of the most important solutions on this earth and a common solvent needs to be tested constantly and watched carefully.

1SBS #25-34 p.51-2

25. Qualitative tests identify the presence of an element or substance while quantitative tell you the amount of an element or substance. A truly extensive lab includes both, but some do not need it such as in the Water Test Lab.

26. A confirming test is a positive test that confirms the presence of an element or substance.

27. a)The reference solution is to show you what should happen if the element or ion is present.b) the distilled-water blank shows you what should happen if the ion or element is not present.

28. The student should conclude that the presence is not shown and there was not solids or precipitants. THe student cannot rule out iron completely because this is not a quantitate test.

29. a)To rule out a suspension or solution i would filter the substance through a coffee filter. Then i would also use the Tyndall effect. b)The Filter would tell me whether the substance was a suspension if it changed and would tell me if it was a solution or a colloid if it didn't. The Tyndall effect could then tell me if it was a solution or a colloid by being positive or negative.

30. You could only get the top layer of the medicine which may not have that actual medicine needed or even something that could do harm to you.

31. Elements are universal and have to be accepted all around or else science would be too complicated to convert all the time for other countries in medicine and other scientific fields.

32. See Drawing

33. No. It is physically impossible to have 100% pure chemical free water. Even distilled water cannot get rid of gases and impurities that water has.

34. Water has high surface tension because it is a polar molecule which means it is both negatively and positively charged. Hydrogen is just a negatively charged ion and oxygen is also a negatively charged ion. Hydrogen and Oxygen also can not be a liquid, solid and gas like water can.

Water Testing Laboratory

Today, the atoms, and the rest of our summer chemistry class conducted a series of tests in order to find certain ions in various water samples. Iron, Calcium, Chloride, and Sulfate were found in at least one sample. Through a confirming test method we were able to seek out the precipitate in each water sample and therefore find the presence of each ion. We used qualitative tests instead of quantitative tests to find the ions by looking at the presence or absence of a particular substance instead of the amount. One of the water samples was a reference solution that was known in order to see what the reaction should look like when the ion is present. Our lab was very successful and we were able to deduce very good information from the four tests we conducted.

Procedure
There are not too many steps to this lab; however, the key is the repetition and not getting lazy when repeating the same steps for each different ion. You prepare your 24-well by labeling it with tape and writing the different water samples so you do not get mixed up, ie. control, reference, distilled, tap, and natural. After labeling each well, pour 20 drops of each sample water into a separate well using a Berel pipet or just the top to the sample container. Next, put 3 drops of the reactant (which varies for each element) to watch the reaction. The wells that have cloudiness should once stirred with a glass stirrer to see if some precipitants come up. If the reaction causes precipitants then the water sample must contain the element being tested for. If you are unsure, look at the reference to see the type of reaction you should expect. The reference obviously has that atom you are looking for. Continue these steps until you have found Iron, Calcium, Chloride, and Sulfate.

Questions

1. A reference solution allowed us to see what the reaction should look like knowing that the element we were looking for was definitely there.
2. Qualitative tests can test for items that you know you are looking for and want to see. However, if you would like to measure the amount of something in a substance a qualitative test is pointless.
3. Although these tests can tell you if the ion is present, it cannot officially say it is not there.
4. Residue from the control or reference could defile the tap water or any of the other samples and change the results!

How does testing water help us?

Testing water different ways can detect bacteria or other harmful objects in water. Many substances such as salt can dissolve in water and be unseen. Testing can prevent us from drinking salty water on a daily basis! Testing water can also help us find helpful objects in water. For example some nutrients that may be added in to other things to help the taste or purity. Testing water over all is one of the most helpful tests a scientist can do.

1SBS #19-24 pg. 51

19. a) carbon- 6 protons and 6 electrons b)aluminun- 13 protons and 13 electrons c) lead-82 protons and 82 electrons d) chlorine- 17 protons and 17 electrons

20. a) No this is not electrically neutral, there are more electrons than protons making this sulfur negatively charged b) No this is not electrically neutral, there are more protons than electrons making this iron positively charged c) Yes this is electrically neutral silver d) No this is not electrically neutral, there are more electrons than protons making this iodine negatively charged.

21. a) anion b) neutral atom c) neutral atom d) cation e) cation

22. a) gaining electrons b) neither c) neither d) losing electrons e) losing electrons

23. a) H b) Na+ c) Cl- d) Al3+

24. a) KI b) CaS c) FeBr3 d) Ba(OH)2 e) 3(NH)PO f) Al2O3

Water Diary

After a lot of logging and bugging my siblings and a lot of approximating I had a full list of numbers and was unsure of how to average them. I scoured the internet for something to help me with the gallons and averaging all the water and stumbled upon this website...http://www.h2oconserve.org/home.php?pd=index
This website has a set of questions that I had the answers to through my logging and I could get the information I needed.

A.7 #1-7 p.20-21 ISBS #13-18 p.50-52

1. 17,079 Liters
2. 950 Liters
3.

4. 950-216=734
5. Mean- 446 Liters, Median- 459, The mean is definitely more representative of the data set because it is lower and there are more lower numbers.
6. My average daily use of water is much higher than the average should be. This may be due to many approximations and my large garden.
7. Question 5 which is 446 is much closer to 370 L than 950 L. I think this is because the people in my class are more wise with water use and calculated more closely.
______________

13. See Drawing
14. a)all of the models are elements b)iii, iv, v
15. Compounds and elements.
16. a)In phosphoric acid there are 3 hydrogen atoms, 1 phosphorus, and 4 oxygen b)In sodium hydroxide there is 1 Sodium atom, 1 Oxygen, and one Hydrogen c)In Sulfur dioxide there is one Sulfur, and 2 oxygen.
17. See Drawings
18. a)NaHCO3+ HCl-->NaH20CO2 b)C6H12O6+O6-->6CO26H2O

ISBS #1-3 pg. 33

1. See drawing

2. The model represents a suspension heterogeneous mixture.

3. See drawing

Vocabulary List for B4

particulate level- at the level of its atoms and molecules

atoms-the building blocks of matter

element-matter that is made up of only one kind of atom

compound-a substance that is composed of the atoms of two or more elements linked together chemically in certain fixed proportions

chemical formulas-compounds and elements

substance-each element and compound with a uniform and definite composition, as well as distinct properties

molecule-smallest unit of a molecular compound that retains the properties of that substance

ISBS #1-12 p.50

1. A physical properties be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance.
2. Water’s freezing point and melting point is 0 degrees Celsius, water’s density is 1.00 g/mL at 25 degrees Celsius, and water’s boiling point is 100 degrees Celsius.
3. The ice's density should be less because ice floats.
4. If you took some ice and put them in a bowl and boiled it at 100 degrees Celsius you could watch the water go from a solid to a liquid and then to a vapor through evaporation.
5. Heterogeneous mixtures can almost always be separated and have no completely formed into one unlike homogeneous mixtures, which are mixtures that are completely one.
6. The size of the particles in gasoline.
7. a) suspension b) suspension c) colloid d) solution e) suspension f) colloid
8. The air in the room is most likely a colloid because we would not be able to see the particles and the separation however if it were a solution the beam would stop at the window.
9. See drawing
10. This substance is a colloid. No particles gathered at the bottom; therefore, it cannot be a suspension and the Tyndall Effect was Negative because the beam passed through so it must not be a solution.
11. A substance is homogeneous, has a definite composition, and cannot physically be separated without a chemical reaction. Two examples of a substance are Hydrogen and water.
12. a) CO-compound b) Co-element c) HCl-compound d) Mg-element e) NaHCO3-compound f) NO-compound

Water Pollution in India

India, the second most populated country of the world, has recently been plagued by water pollution in its Ganges River. Veer Bhadra Mishra, a 70 year-old Hindu Priest, who lives along the river, has contracted typhoid, polio, jaundice, and many other water-borne ailments from drinking this river’s water. Even Mr. Mishra’s daily prayers cannot save this river and the thousands of people and businesses affected by the Ganges Pollution. An extreme 60,000 bacteria are in each mL of Ganges water. What is the cause of this vast amount of pollution? A daily dumping of 32 streams of raw sewage in addition to the yearly 30,000 corpses left in the water. The pollution is taking a huge toll on Hinduism because Hindus believe the Ganges is the “source of life”; however, it is causing death. Access to toilets is sparse and sewage treatment is too expensive for India’s budget. This is another reason for the pollution in water of India and the on average 1,000 children dead everyday from diarrhoeal sickness. However, money is not a reason to have polluted water. India has dedicated 1.2 billion to cleaning up the rivers has spent only half of this in effort to improve the water. The sewage treatments that have been built cannot use their full capacity because of the constant power cuts. Even though India has made some small steps to purifying their water, they must act quicker because their population and country is being harmed.

Priorities for the Summer

Question #2

Today, seeing as I have learned more than yesterday, I changed my mind. I now believe water pollution is a bigger issue. Knowing that purifying water is difficult and expensive pollution is not better than water shortage. Water shortage is difficult to deal with; however, can be helped by trucking in water and building some type of reservoir or water system to get water from an outside source. Pollution cannot be solved easily and will disrupt business and health within a city. The fishing industry would also be vastly affected. Pollution may also be hidden especially when the water looks pure however can contain salt or oil. Through the Foul Water Lab and my reading tonight I have found that water pollution is way worse than water shortage.

Unit 1A Vocabulary List

matter-anything that occupies space and has mass.

Physical Properties-properties that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance.

density-the mass of material within a given volume.

freezing point-another physical property

aqueous solution-a water-based solution

pure-clean, distilled

mixture-two or more substances combined, and yet the substances retain their individual properties.

heterogeneous mixture-composition is not the same, or uniform

suspension-a type of heterogeneous mixture if the solid particles are large enough to settle out or can be separated by using filtration.

Tyndall effect-the scattering of light which indicated pure or impure water

colloid-small, solid particles in water.

homogeneous-uniform throughout

homogeneous mixture-a mixture uniform throughout

solutions-homogeneous mixtures

solute-the dissolved substance

solvent-the dissolving agent

ISAS and A.8 Homework

3. a)Indirect Use of Water
b)Direct Use of Water
c)Direct Use of Water

4. To purify water means to make the water clean. Purification can be done by three filtration steps and Distillation.

5.Sand Filtration, Oil and Water Separation, and Charcoal Adsorbtion and Filtration. Distillation is also a very accurate way of purifying water.

6. From Oil-water separation we removed the oil. From Sand Filtration we removed dirt and excess solids. From Charcoal adsorption and filtration we removed the color of the Foul Water and the density as well as the scent.

7. A) The Foul Water Lab procedure could not convert seawater to water suitable for drinking because the steps do not have any way of removing the salt which is not visible.
B) Distillation could convert seawater to pure water by removing the water from the salt through evaporation which occurs in the Distillation Train.

A.8 pg.22
1. Watering indoor plants, outdoor plants, lawn
2. Bathing
3. When flushing toilets only do so if needed (if it's yellow let it mellow...). Only water the lawn once a week. Refrain from too many indoor plants at all. You could wash your car less often.
4. a)You can use impure water to water the lawn.
b)Washing my hands and washing the dishes

My First Lab Report- Foul Water Lab

Foul Water Lab Report by Rebecca Freed

Abstract
The purpose of conducting this “Foul Water Lab” is to identify impure water and continue to purify it through filtering methods. The Atoms, my lab group, had a successful time conducting this experiment and also enjoyed it. By the end of this experiment were supposed have water pure enough to wash your hands with. I believe we did make pure enough water to wash our hands with. Although some extra steps were added and some steps needed to be altered, the finished product was as expected, pure. This Lab was a fun way to learn about both labs and water and I recommend it.



Procedure

This lab requires multiple steps and leaves little room for error. My group took the following steps:

Obtain a beaker with 100 mL of some Foul water. Let the sample sit for about 1 minute and once the minute has passed use a pipet to take the top layer of the foul water because it may contain oil. Because oil will always separate from water, we must take the top layer of the foul water in order to purify the water well. Once the top layer has been removed and set in a test tube we added a few drops of distilled water to see if they separated. We confirmed the separation, which confirmed the oil was existent! For the next step of filtration we took a Styrofoam cup and poked holes with a paper clip and filled the cup with 1cm of gravel, 2 cm of sand, and another 1cm of gravel. When we poured our foul water sample through this filtering system the sand was too fine and came into the second beaker. We needed to add another filtering step by taking a coffee filter and pouring the foul water through a funnel into another beaker. This step got rid of the sand from the previous step and probably helped the filtering process further. For the next step we used the charcoal that black and little pebbles. They did not completely adsorb the grime, and the step did not work. We decanted the foul water from the charcoal and used a different type of charcoal that was more of a powder. With a few swirls the Foul water turned black and after going through the funnel with a coffee filter it was clear! The Product looked clear but we could not be sure that it was pure. See the Post-Lab Activities to view the next steps.

Data Analysis

1. 54%-percent recovery
2. 46 mL were lost
3. 46% was lost
4. My first histogram…the picture is backwards, but you get the idea!

5. 70% was the largest percent recovery obtained by a group in my class. 54% was smallest percent recovery obtained. The range of percents obtained is 16%.
6. 64.5% is the average percent recovery
7. 65.5% is the median percent recovery




Post Lab Activities

After we got our purified, or seemingly purified, water from the previous three filtration systems, we still needed to see if the water had some remaining salt. When the light bulb with two conductors sticking out of it touched our water, the light bulb lit. This indicated there was salt still in the water because salt is an electricity conductor. After finding there was salt in the water we put it in the distillation train. The salt water was at the bottom of the train and was boiled at 99.1 degrees F so that the water would evaporate and leave the salt behind. The water would be water vapor at this point and go through the chamber with distilled water, which would condense it, and would in result have pure water. This water is now ready to be used to wash your hands with. Dr. Forman got rid of the water that never evaporated because it was mostly salt and not pure water. We also could test to see if our water was pure by using the Tyndall Effect. This is effect is demonstrated when a light is shone into a glass of water. If the water is pure the light will not be visible within the water. If the water is impure the light will shine in the water and be visible. Our water sample was originally impure, but after distillation was pure and did not show the light.

First Homework Assignment!

In my opinion water supply is more important. The purity is less of a critical subject because the water can be easily purified with the technology we have today. The water supply must be enough so that people can survive!

ISAS
1. Of course Jimmy would be using water if he drank only packaged fruit juice during the water shortage. Fruit juice contains water because fruit needs water to grow as well as the container needed water to be produced. In fact the fruit juice involves more water than a glass of drinking water.
2. In the production of a loaf of bread three main indirect uses of water are the water used to make the wheat grow, the water put into the yeast, and lastly the water used by any machine or refrigerator to cool the bread.
8. The world’s total water supply has not changed within the past 100 years or in the past 1 million years; however, our population has changed and that may be one of the causes of the water shortage.
9. From greatest to least: ocean water, glaciers, water vapor, rivers
10. If the water was polluted and unsafe to drink even if it was abundant.
11. 77%
12. a)Glaciers and ice caps- 2.11% b) lakes- .009%
13. A dinosaur might have swallowed the molecule of water, urinated on the ground and the water could have evaporated from the urine and later been in the rain which went into a reservoir where the water was purified and I possibly could have drunken it.
17. This discrepancy is probably due to the fact that the first figure is a daily average whereas the second refers to in a person’s average lifetime water usage.

A.5

1. A)the East
2. In the east the highest factor of water use is steam/electric demonstrating the city life and mostly urban way of life in the east. In the west the highest use of water lies within irrigation and agriculture displaying the farming and rather rural way of life. The two lifestyle differences affect the water usage within different regions.
3. The arable land and nice weather in the west makes it perfect for farming and agriculture which is why the most common use of water is for that purpose. The harsh winters of the east and south make these regions less common for farming and therefore use less water for such means. The east south and midwest are definitely effected by the population's culture. Especially in the east where public transportation is so common, water is clearly the most useful in the steam and electric field.

Greetings!

Hello readers! My name is Rebecca and I will be blogging this summer about my Summer School class in Chemistry! I will be posting anything from homework to daily updates! I hope you enjoy my discovery of the chemistry world and learn along with me. Enjoy my blogs and let me know if you have any questions!