1. Hydrocarbons are molecular compounds that only contain atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
3. Petroleum is such a valuable resource because it is nonrenewable and is extremely versatile from energy to manufactured products.
5. Crude oil is what is pumped form underground, but it cannot be used for anything until it is put in a furnace and converted into fractions of petroleum.
6. a)2,621.74 10^3 Barrels per day
b) 21,212.26 10^3 Barrels per day
7. Diesel fuel oil, Gas Oil, Kerosene, Liquified petroleum gas
8. a)CDs, clothing, prescription drugs, and water bottles
b) Aluminum can replace CDs, and water bottles; renewable bio-plastics can be used to replace petroleum plastic in prescription drugs as well.
10. a) Middle East
b) Western Europe
11. a) United States of America
b) Middle East
12. In petroleum fractioning the the oil with the most density and highest boiling point is on the bottom and the top is the lowest boiling point with the least dense oil.
13. Acetone and Water would be the easiest to separate from one another because their boiling points have such a vast difference. If heated to 56 degrees C the acetone would evaporate and leave the water behind.
15.
16. Fractional distillation uses a furnace and separates different versions of oil into fractions in a tower.
17. light: Kerosene, aviation gasoline, petrochemicals
intermediate: gas oil, heavy furnace oil, diesel fuel oil
heavy: lubricating oil and grease, heavy oils and wax, cracking stock
residue: petroleum jelly, road oils and asphalt, petroleum coke
18. The bottom of the distillation tower would contain the oil with the highest boiling point because the lowest boiling point oil would evaporate and go to the top of the tower first and the furnace heated up the oil the last of the oil to evaporate would be the oil with the highest boiling point, leaving it at the bottom of the tower.
19. You could as another nonpolar substance with the oil to cause a reaction.
20. CH4, C5H12, C5H14, C8H18; the more carbon there is the higher intermolecular attraction occurs, and then an increased boiling point occurs.
21. A covalent bond is the charing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms which allows both atoms to fill their outer shells completely.
22. Elements with full valence shells of 8 electrons do not form covalent bonds because they are noble gases and are chemically inert.
23. In a covalent bond both atoms share the 2 electrons contained in the covalent bond. They both use one another's electron to complete their shells.
26. a) A structural formula can help show both the structure, the isomer, and the boiling point of a hydrocarbon or any other bonded elements unlike a molecular formula.
b) A structural formula is 2 dimensional while an actual molecule is obviously 3 dimensional.
27. a) See Drawing
b) See drawing
28. Carbon atoms only show 4 dots in the Lewis dot structure because the other 2 dots are represented in the first inner shell.
29. a) C9H20 b) C16H34 c) C10H22 d) C18H38
30. a) 128 grams b) 226 grams c) 142 grams d) 256 grams
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