4SBS #14-20 pg 361

14. CO2 will block infrared light out and also keep the correct amount of UV and visible light entering the earth and if this balance is disrupted more heat will build up and reflect back creating a raised temperature.

15. a) The decay of plant life and animals will increase CO2 levels as well as cutting down trees and automobile emission
b) CH4 levels will increase when more cows emit methane and also more plants decay, methane is also emitted in fires.

16. a) Increased amounts of CO2 as well as more methane will cause an increase in temperature
b) An increase in ozone and less solar energy let into earth would decrease the temperature of the earth.

17. On a sunny winter day, a greenhouse with transparent glass walls is much warmer than is a structure with opaque wooden walls because the glass allows the visible and UV light to enter the greenhouse but the glass does not allow the reradiated infrared radiation leave the greenhouse, raising the temperature.

18. a)

b) http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/greenhouse/

19. Limestone, Fossil fuels, and Plant decay

20. A carbon atom that was in a decayed fish came into the ocean water, the water was used in the soil of a plant and the carbon that makes up the plant can be released when it decays then fossilized and gets pumped from an oil rig and used as petroleum gas in a car which then gets emitted into the atmosphere.

4SBS #1-8 p360

1. Electromagnetic radiation is equal to energy; therefore, more electromagnetic radiation means more energy.

2. Spectrum is a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because they can change and decrease and increase often.

3. Visible radiation can energize electrons in some chemical bonds such as chlorophyll molecules of plants inorder to feed them.

4. a) Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.
b) Radio waves, microwaves, and x-rays mostly improve life for humans while infrared and UV-C and UV-B rays can harm humans greatly.

5. UV light can break down certain chemical bonds of impurities and can sterilize these tools whereas visible light can only be absorbed and on occasion energize electrons.

6. Infrared is not absorbed at all, rather it is trapped within the atmosphere, visible radiation is mostly absorbed and easily too, UV is absorbed as well however more easily with UV-B instead of A or C.

7. Solar radiation warms the earth's surface and also provides the energy needed for the Hydrological Cycle to occur.

8. a) help
b) help

THE ACIDS: Striking it Rich Lab

Questions:

1.
a.Compare the color of the three coins- untreated(the control), heated in the zinc chloride solution only, and heated in the zinc chloride solution and then on a hot plate.
b. Do the treated coins appear to be composed of metals other than copper? If so, explain.

a. The untreated control coin is copper-colored and shiny, while the coin heated in the zinc chloride solution only has silver blotches. The coin heated after being in the zinc chloride solution is now gold where the silver blotches were.
b. Because the coins formed alloys that resembled different forms of brass, we know the coins are also made of zinc.

2. If someone claimed that a precious metal was produced in this investigation, how would you decide whether the claim was correct?

Due to the law of conservation of matter, matter is neither created or destroyed. A coin composed of copper and zinc could not react to produce a prescious metal, but simply combine to form an alloy, brass.

3. Identify at least two practical uses for metallic changes similar to those you observed in this investigation.

Alloys like brass, bronze, and steel are stronger than the elements that compose them. These alloys are widely used for every day items.

4.
a. What happened to the copper atoms originally present in the treated pennies? Provide evidence to support your conclusion.
b. Do you think the treated pennies could be converted back to ordinary coins? If so, what procedures would you use to accomplish this?

a. The silver coin that had been treated with only the gently bubbling zinc chloride solution formed a less-combined alloy of copper and zinc, brass, than the gold coin that had been treated with the gently bubbling zinc solution and the hot plate. The atoms of copper and zinc combined in different proportions with each procedure.
b. We don’t believe the treated pennies could be converted back to ordinary coins, at least not in our classroom.

2SDS #7-13 p.204

7. An alloy is a solid combination of atoms of two or more metals.

8. Brass and 14-carat gold.

9. Both iron and carbon.

10. Brass, which is a combination of Copper and Zinc: Zn + Cu--->ZnCu

11. They are in family or group 114 and 15.

12. Phosphorus, arsenic, and aluminum.

13. Semi-conductors are mostly used in technology devices such as transistors and intergrated circuits within computers and various electronics.

Facing the truth: The shape of your face betrays how aggressive you are—if you are a man

We have always been told to avoid "judging a book by its cover"; however, recent studies prove appearance might be a reliable place to judge by. Some women have claimed that they can judge a man's aggression and trustworthiness from his face and although some people discourage such a thought, Justin Carré and Cheryl McCormick, of Brock University have decided to test this theory. In men, it should be possible to judge their predisposition to aggression. Supposedly the ratio between the width of a person’s face and his height should say something about their aggressiveness. They proposed this ratio because there is such a variety between that of women's and men's. The difference is because during the stages of puberty, hormones reshape the body and testosterone (which men posses) creates a wider face shape and aggressiveness. Inorder to test this theory McCormick and Carré took photos of Canadian hockey teams. Hockey is a famously rough sport, with loose rules, and plenty of agression. They studied the men's facial widths in relationship to their heights as well as how it corresponded to their penalty records. McCormick and Carré found that in fact the wider the face, the more penalties! Because hockey is mostly a men's game, testing women had to be done separately. For females, McCormick and Carré turned to a group of several dozen undergraduates. Both sexes played a game against a computer to test their aggravation and a huge variety of aggression was recorded. They did not find a correlation between female facial structure and aggression. Men may actually have the advantage above women with aggression. An agressive man should barely even get to fighting if his face shows it all; however, these tests have yet to be run.

http://www.economist.com/node/11959198

2SDS #1-6 p204

1. Allotropes are different forms of an element that each have distinctly different physical or chemical properties.

2. Oxygen, Silicon

3. a) They have the different colors and carbon structure.
b) Their properties are different because although they both possess carbon, they are allotropes.
c) The structure, abundance, color, melting point, and reactiveness account for the difference in cost of each of these items.

4. Engineered materials have been made in a lab and created by scientists for the benefit of our community whereas natural materials are found in nature and have been created naturally on earth.

5. Engineered ceramics in high-temperature applications is sadly extremely brittle and quite often fracture when exposed to dramatic temperature changes. On the other hand, they are durable and have low chemical reactivity.

6. Plastic is a very versatile substance and can be altered to display relatively soft and pliable properties and can also be crafted to be hard and brittle, almost like glass.

2SCS #18-21 p182

18. a) Reusing an item would be taking the same item and using it more than once for the same task whereas recycling is when an item is put into a different shape or form to be used as a different item entirely though made of the same substance.
b) Reusable: water bottle, lunch boxes Recycle: newspaper, cans

19. a) Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Soil, Water
b) Petroleum, Gold, Silver, Wood

20. a) reusing
b) recycling
c) reusing

21. Both newspaper and lightbulbs can be recycled, but lightbulbs cannot be reused for different purpose whereas lightbulb have to go to a manufacturing factory to be economically helpful.